Chris Johnson

There are times when I wish I had entered the Computer Science world a few years earlier.

My mentor was born four years before I was. He went through the computer science program four years before I did at a prestigious university.

His academics took place as electrical engineering was morphing into computer science. Which meant that he was taught circuit design at a lower level than we were taught. He was taught how to design transistors and to build the hardware.

My class was taught bits, bytes, and words. We built on what his generation was learning as computers advanced.

A bit is the smallest amount of data that a computer can store. In fact, it is the only type of data that a computer can store.

Bits are grouped into bytes and words. Today, a byte is 8 bits long; in past years, it could be larger or smaller than that. I’ve worked on machines where a byte was defined as 12 bits.

Bits, by themselves, have no meaning. A programmer assigns meaning to a sequence of bits. Let’s take a byte of 8 bits, for example. The byte we will be looking at has a sequence of bits like this 0011 0001.

Again, this is meaningless until we assign meaning to it. If we say that it is an unsigned tiny integer, then a byte represents a value between 0 and 255, while our byte represents the integer 49. 0*128 + 0*64 + 1*32 + 1*16 + 0*8 + 0*4 + 0*2 + 1*1 = 49 base 10. We can also express that integer in base 16 as 0x31 or in base 8 as 061.

We could define it as a signed tiny integer; then a byte represents a value between -127 and 128. But one of the most magical ways of looking at the byte is as a character. In this format we have a table of values to glyphs or characters. The value 0x31, 49, 061, 0011 0001 is interpreted as the character “1”. In the same way, the value 0x41, 65, 101, 0100 0001 is interpreted as the character “A”.

In other words, a bit pattern doesn’t have meaning until we define what the value means.

Primitive Types

The CPU in a computer has several registers. Each register holds a bit pattern of a given size. The CPU can then manipulate registers with a fixed set of instructions. Those instructions define the meaning of the register for that instant. If we use the integer add operation, then the two registers are treated as integers with the result being stored in a third register. If we use floating point operations, then we treat the registers as 32 or 64 bit floating point numbers. Doubles are 128 or 64 bits. We can treat the registers as containing one byte or character or a multiple characters. Or, we can treat each bit as a boolean.

For languages, we normally have integer, unsigned integer, float, double, character, and string. These are all referred to as primitives.

While we have defined the type, we have not defined the meaning. For example, 1234.70 is a floating point number. But what does it mean.

It could be a price, a quantity, a physical measurement. If it is a physical measurement, then it is expressing units.

It is the meaning we give values that allows humans to interact with the data.

Formatting

Let’s say we are working with a basic product object. Each product has a SKU, price, description, and quantity in stock. We will call these “labels”. We give a primitive type to each. SKU=>string, price=>float, description=>string, quantity=>integer.

This is a good start, but we also define how we will format these values when we display the product for a user. We can say that SKU and description will be left-aligned, price will be formatted as currency ($x,xxx.xx) right-aligned, while quantity will be formatted as an integer (x,xxx) right-aligned. This formatting is encoded in the knowledge of the meaning of the labeled data.

Formatting is not part of the data; it is associated with the label. The label allows us to assign meaning to the data.

Viewing Data

Humans have a difficult time applying meaning to bit patterns, so each primitive type has a standard text format. This allows us to see the values of the data.

For example, we say that strings are input and displayed as quoted strings, “This is an example string”. Integers are input and displayed as an optional negative sign followed by a sequence of digits, 1-9 as the first character followed by 0 or more 0-9 characters. Or it can be a 0. This defines a base 10 integer. If integer starts with 0x, then what follows the x is an integer in base 16. if the first character after the sign is a 0, then it is octal.

Simple.

These rules for displaying and inputting values are well defined.

Information Interchange

This is a gigantic subject. We are going to barely touch on it. To transfer information in a meaningful way, we have to define the meaning of each datum that is exchanged.

There are specific tools for doing this. XML, JSON, YAML, SOAP, and others are designed specifically for this process.

Unfortunately, there are de facto “rules” for exchanging data. Rules that must be followed but that the people using them do not understand.

Excel, Word, and Other MicroSoft Monstrosities

The default for most people when exchanging a table of information is an Excel file, an xls file. How I hate this.

An Excel file gives labels to values and adds formatting but does not add meaning. Meaning comes from external sources.

So, we might have a two cells we are looking at; B1 has a value of “Price”. It is formatted as bold text, centered. B2 has a value of 7.50. It is formatted as text, so it displays as “$7.50”. If the cell was formatted as “number” or “general” it would display as 7.5.

It is the user who applies these formatting rules. It is the user who provides meaning to these values.

If you have an application that can read and display Excel sheets, then all is good.

But Excel sheets are not a great way to exchange data. As a matter of fact, they suck. Each cell must contain both formatting and values. There are linkages between cells and a hundred other things that can be added. They are painful to create programmatically.

The Savior of Data Interchange, CSV

It doesn’t get any simpler than a comma-separated values file. They use the well-defined primitive type display rules; they are easy to generate, they are row independent, and they can be read by a simple text editor.

The biggest thing to understand is that CSV exchanges values. The meaning of those values is up to the receiver.

Which is why expectations and Excel suck.

It’s Bad Data, No! It’s Being Displayed Wrong!

When a normal user receives a CSV file, they want to open the file and view it. On Microsoft platforms, the program tasked to do this is Excel. On many Linux platforms, the tool is LibreOffice. For Solaris it was OpenOffice.

These tools import the CSV file. That import process can break things, badly.

By default, a comma separates each field. If a comma is part of the value, it must be escaped. Quotes are used to provide escaping. Quotes within quoted strings must also be properly handled.

So we end up with client bug reports like this: “Data is misaligned throughout”.

What does this mean? It means that the client hasn’t properly defined the type and formatting for the column. In this case, the SKU sometimes consists of just digits. When this happens, Excel treats the value as an integer type. By default, integers are displayed right justified. If the value has characters in it, then it is displayed as a left justified character string.

Once you tell Excel that the SKU column only contains text, then the alignment issue goes away.

“The price column is missing dollar signs” means that values are being displayed as floating point numbers, not as currency. Change the format to currency, and it all just works.

“There are symbols instead of letters.” means they get what they put in. The value stored in the database has an accent in it. Like résumé.

The problem happens when Excel imports a word with accents on their Microsoft platform. My browser and LibreOffice both use the same font set, so I see résumé. Their Excel on their Microsoft platform displays the accent as something like a copyright symbol, ©.

They see what they put into the database, but they are unhappy that Excel is doing exactly what they asked it to do.

I should title this, “I don’t know what I don’t know.”

Bitnami stopped providing free WordPress images. This means I have to create a container and docker compose control file that will plug in and replace the Bitnami version.

This isn’t horribly difficult; it just takes a bit of work. Even now, I just realized that I can make a change that will make my life a little easier, so it is something I will do.

The problem is that there is a possibility of crashing the site. Not something I want to do.

So I’ve been putting it off.

The good news is that we went from a point fix to a point release. We were on 6.8.2; 6.8.3 came out. I found out the need to redo the containers.

Before that happened, 6.9.0 was released.

I have a policy of waiting for the point fix before migrating. The point fix would be 6.9.1.

In the meantime, Google changed the way they handle reCAPTCHA, that annoying thing that asks, “Are you human?”

The robots found The Vine and proceeded to register around 450 users before I shut down user registration.

Those have been cleaned out. Unfortunately that took a bit of time, and now I have to look into the newest version of robot defenses.

Argh, why can’t this stuff be simple?

Meanwhile, on a different screen, I’m looking at a 3D model with dropdowns for “work”, “RPM”, “boiler pressure,” and a few other things that feed into the built-in spreadsheet. That spreadsheet then drives the 3D model.

This has required learning things that every backwoods machinist used to know. Now it requires reading books published in the late 1800s.

Oh, getting my AI to give me trustworthy numbers is driving me bonkers.

This song has been running through my head for the last week or so as my wife flew out to rescue her mother.

It has been a difficult couple of weeks here.

My mother-in-law is in an abusive marriage. When I met her suitor after my father-in-law passed, I was concerned that he was going to swindle her.

His words, actions, and use of money were all indicators of something not quite right.

As is normal, nobody on that side of the family listened to me. Her suitor wined and dined her. Took her to expensive places and, in general, did all the right things in public. But what I was hearing about the private interactions was not good.

My wife flew out to bring her mother home. Her mother got scared of what her husband would do. Decided not to come back. Wife canceled her mother’s flight back.

Mother-in-law and her husband had a loud, angry, abusive yelling match on Thursday, and Mother-in-law changed her mind and decided she needed to escape.

Since the plane ticket was gone, they packed up, got in her car, and drove here.

Mother-in-law is staying at a good friend’s house; she doesn’t like the mess that is my house.

I get one night with my wife. Then we go to breakfast; we have good conversation. Wife and MIL decide they are going to a local city to catch a movie. All good.

MIL changes her mind, which of course causes my wife to do exactly what her mother wants. They go back to the friend’s house where something went down.

Instead of figuring out options, MIL decides she needs to go home.

My wife talks to me. We agree that we need to have time to work this all out. She goes out and talks to her mother. Mother begs to go back home to her home in a state far away.

My wife can’t say “no” so instead she rushes home, grabs the suitcase she hasn’t unpacked yet, and she and my MIL are on the road.

From the time of the incident to the time my wife and MIL are back on the road, something like 45 minutes.

So my wife is a 1000+ miles away, again. My MIL has gone back to her house and her abusive husband.

You can’t save people who don’t want to be saved.

For the most part I use iron sights. For the AR-15 platform, I did install red dots.

I do have a single pistol with a red dot.

I never intended to get into scoped optics, but I was sort of forced into it.

Many years ago I made my first firearm purchases. The requirement was to have multiple firearms in calibers that would be easy to resupply after the inevitable fall. To me, at the time, this meant 5.56×45, 7.62×51 NATO, 9mm parabellum, .45ACP, and 7.62×39.

The 5.56 was relatively easy; it was an AR-15 platform. Unfortunately, this was the height of the AWB, and that required some strange design choices. Regardless, it is still a beautiful safe queen.

The 9mm was a Glock, and the .45ACP was a Kimber. After shooting the Glock, the Glock was supplemented with an H&K which I could actually hit my target with.

The 7.62×39 was an AK-47 of some sort, long since traded for other stuff. I was required to take out a box of trash for the price a paid. Can you imagine my surprise when that box of trash included 3 30-round magazines and some furniture to restore that AWB abomination into something that actually looked like an AK? The things people throw away.

This left the 7.62×51 NATO. My platform of choice was a Remington 700. Fully bedded, just a beautiful rifle.

I was excited to get to the range, a difficult thing to do in Maryland. I finally got there, setup, put my beautiful rifle on its bipod, got ready to take my first shot, and noticed something.

No iron sights. Nothing. Smooth as a baby’s behind.

I still sent a few rounds “that way” because I refused to pack up and not take a shot.

Back to my LGS to laugh. I ended up getting some Nikon glass. Gorgeous. My LGS mounted the scope and bore sighted it. I then took it to the range and dialed it in.

I can remember punching primers out of shotgun shells at 100 yards.

Great then. Great now?

I took my first deer with that rifle. It was a long shot. I put the crosshairs right where his heart was, then slowly elevated the sight until the crosshair was about 6 inches above his spine and pressed the trigger.

He got about 50 yards from where he was hit. The entry wound was a little high, going through both lungs.

I had no idea of the range; it was just a guess. I had no idea of the ballistics of that round; it was just a guess. I had no idea how much elevation I was putting on; it was just a guess. I got lucky.

The simple crosshair is good, but there are better reticles today.

The glass on that old scope is likely better than any scope I can purchase for under $2k today. But the reticles make a difference.

Vortex EBR-7C(MOA)

The scope I picked is very nice. 5-25 with a much more complex reticle.

It has a built in BDC. I’m sure it can be used for finding distances. It is going to take me a bit to understand everything it does, but it will eliminate much of the guesswork in allowing for distance and windage.

I’m at that stage where I don’t know what I don’t know.

Range time coming up soon!

Three men were abducted by aliens. A mathematician, a physicist, and an engineer.

When they woke up, they were on one side of a room, and on the other side was a beautiful blonde with a pistol beside them.

A disembodied voice says, “You are allowed to move half the remaining distance across the room each time you move. If you can make it to the other side, you can do what you will with the blonde, and you will be set free. If you don’t make it to the other side, you can either kill yourself or be taken for the probings.”

The mathematician sits and thinks for a little, calculates a bit more, then says, “It is impossible; no matter how many steps you take, there will still be more to go.”

With that, the mathematician picks up the gun and shoots himself.

The engineer and physicist sit in shock for a moment before the physicist speaks up.

“You know that mathematicians are stuck in their numbers. They have no real-world experience. I’m going to test his hypothesis.”

So he does; on the first move he makes it halfway, on the second he is 3/4s of the way, and on the next move he’s 7/8s. He’s making progress, but he realizes he will never make it all the way.

He returns to his side of the room, picks up the gun, and offs himself.

The engineer is nearly in shock. He looks at the two bodies and then gathers himself up. He starts the process of crossing the room.

After over 50 moves, he reaches out, grabs the blonde, yanks her into his arms, and says, “Good enough for all practical purposes.”

For All Practical Purposes

During the age of steam, engineers developed a working idea of how steam engines worked and how to measure them. These men were not dumb; they understood nature, and they understood Newtonian physics. They developed formulas to guide them as they designed new engines.

What were they interested in? They wanted an efficient engine that produced enough work to make it worthwhile.

What is efficiency in a steam engine? How much steam it consumes. A boiler is only capable of producing a limited amount of steam. That is based on the amount of heat put into the system along with how efficient the boiler is at transferring the heat into water to force a phase change.

The more efficient the boiler, the less fuel it took to run. Coal and wood cost money.

An inefficient steam engine consumes more steam, which requires the boiler to produce more steam, which means more fuel.

The work that an engine produces is defined as brake torque and brake horsepower. Torque is how much rotational force is being produced, while horsepower is force of distance. Steam engines produce good torque over the entire range of supported speeds.

They had methods of measuring torque and horsepower. They could also measure the pressure of the steam. They knew the size of the piston they were using. They needed an expression for determining torque and horsepower before they designed an engine, much less built it.

The formula was P.L.A.N., which is pressure times length of stroke in feet times area of the piston face times the number of power strokes per minute.

They can easily measure stroke length, piston area, and power strokes per minute; those are simple things that can be measured with a ruler and a counter over time. But how do you measure the pressure?

The pressure changes over the time of the power stroke. At the start of the stroke, the cylinder has not yet filled with steam; it is still entering, so it is lower than the source. As the cylinder begins to fill, the piston starts moving, increasing the volume while reducing the pressure. The cutoff takes place, and now no more steam is being allowed to enter, and the steam that is there just expands, decreasing the pressure even more.

At every moment of that cycle there is a different pressure in the cylinder. With advanced math, you might be able to calculate it at every step then integrate over time.

These guys stuck some sort of pressure gauge on the cylinder and somehow measured the average (mean) pressure.

This is the value they used. The Mean Effective Pressure or MEP.

This is good enough for all practical purposes.

What is the starting pressure

If you have a closed system, the pressure at every point is the same. A steam engine is not a closed system. There is always steam being vented to the outside, either directly to the atmosphere or into a condenser.

This produces a sequence of pressure drops. The pressure is then built up as new steam flows from the boiler. All of this happens very rapidly, but it does take time. To reduce the amount of pulsing that hits the boiler, we use a steam reservoir, which is part of the steam chest.

When the flow of a fluid is stopped rapidly, it causes a “hammer” effect. Opening and closing the valves, allowing steam to flow into the cylinder and then stop can do just this.

The following video explains the water hammer phenomenon.

By putting that reservoir closer to the valves, we can stop that phenomenon from hammering on the boiler.

But how do we know what the pressure is in the steam chest? We might assume it is the same as the boiler, but it takes time for the steam chest to fill. The amount of time it takes to fill and stabilize is dependent on the size and shape of the piping from the boiler to the steam chest.

We need to measure or otherwise determine what the effective pressure in the steam chest is.

So we have a basic idea of what the pressure might be.

How much does it cost

Steam travels from the steam chest into the cylinder via a steam passage. The shape, wall texture, and size of the steam passage affect the speed at which the steam enters the cylinder. In addition, we have the mass of the fluid (air/steam) that is in the passage when we start pressurizing it.

We need to measure how long it takes to reach the cylinder port and how long it takes to fill the cylinder. The smaller the passage, the more velocity you lose and the longer it takes to fill the cylinder. If it takes longer to fill the cylinder than the admission stage of the cycle then we are not getting full power from the engine.

Sometimes these passages are drilled and plugged or covered. Other times they are cast into the cylinder body. If cast, the quality of that core determines the texture/smoothness of the walls of the passage. Other times, they are drilled in a straight line to intersecting passages. Regardless of how they are made, they are a complex shape that causes turbulence and can cause other issues.

We need to know how much we lose, the cost, of getting steam from the steam chest into the cylinder.

And what happens in the cylinder

As stated before, the cylinder volume is constantly changing. The volume is decreasing when we start allowing steam into the cylinder. This lead steam acts like a cushion or spring to help start the piston back in the other direction. Remember that we are not only using energy to create power/work, we are also using energy to reverse the direction of the cylinder.

With a standard 4 stroke engine, we have four stages: Intake, where we suck a fuel air mixture into the cylinder. Compression, where the fuel air mixture is compressed for maximum efficiency. The power stroke, where the fuel has burned and the expanding gas is driving the piston. Finally, we have the exhaust stroke, where the expended gases are pushed out of the cylinder.

Only the power stroke puts energy into the system. The other three strokes are wasted. The energy to move the piston comes from other cylinders or energy stored in a flywheel.

With the steam engine, as the volume is decreasing, the expended steam is being pushed out the exhaust port. In simple engines the exhaust port is the same as the inlet port. Just before top dead center, steam is allowed back into the cylinder, pushing against the piston. This slows the piston as it reverses direction. The steam pushes the piston away from the cylinder head, causing the volume to increase.

Before we reach bottom dead center, the inlet is cut off. The steam continues to expand, continuing to push on the piston. Finally the piston reverses direction, and the used steam is exhausted to the atmosphere.

We need to integrate the pressure at the surface of the piston over the entire cycle.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

I have studied Finite Element Methods (FEM). CFD is a different from FEM but has many similar aspects. The gist is that we create a mesh of a volume. We set the initial conditions of every surface or point. The initial condition is the pressure and a velocity vector.

We then define some formulas that describe how the fluid acts. From this we propagate the initial conditions through the mesh to a “stable” result. We can then use that result as a new set of initial conditions and iterate another time step.

With this we can see pressure waves, velocities, and just about everything we need to know about the flow of the fluid through the mesh.

The great thing is that there are good, free CFD packages out there. I’m using OpenFOAM because I am using FreeCAD as my modeling software.

With FreeCAD you can build a “body” or “part”. A part is a single item. It can be created by additive or subtractive means. It could be a rough or machined casting or something made from bar stock.

The bodies are combined into “assemblies”. An assembly is a collection of parts that are connected with joints. Joints can be fixed, sliding, rotating, and a few others.

I’ve been able to take the parts of the steam engine I’ve modeled and create assemblies, which have shown me that I misread the prints. Meaning I’ve had to go back and redo the body/part which sometimes required redoing the assembly. An iterative process.

With a body, I should be able to create a negative of that body, representing the domain of for the CFD, which is what gets meshed.

I can use the CfdOF workbench to create meshes, set initial conditions, set the properties for the fluid, refine the mesh, and a dozen other things before passing the actual analysis off to OpenFOAM.

OpenFOAM runs for a long time and then produces results that I should be able to visualize. That has not been working all that well.

From this, I should be able to calculate what MEP is at every location and step of the system.

And I’m stuck here. Not totally stuck, but more of the I know I don’t know something, I’ll have to figure it out.

But what about the rest

All of the above is just to get a cylinder that will produce the power I need or want.

From there we move into the mechanical world. Here we have to design the components to meet the requirements of the cylinder.

How big should the piston rod be? It has no rotational or angular forces applied to it, just tension and compression. This is an FEM calculation or uses simple analytical calculations.

The connecting rod gets more complex. The big end is connected to the crankpin, which moves in a circle. The small end is attached to the end of the piston rod. It moves in a linear motion. We need to evaluate the forces in play on the crosshead pin and the crankpin to make sure they are strong enough but not overkill. We need to design for reduced mass because mass changing directions takes energy.

We also have to worry about the vibrations we get from throwing the crankpin in a circle.

If you want to design a vibrating thing, just put a weight off-center on a spinning thing, and you get vibrations. We balance the wheels of our cars to remove that type of vibration. We have to balance the crank to remove as much of the vibration as possible.

But we have to know what the forces in play are at every stage of the cycle to know how to cancel them. Painful.

We need to know the size of the driveshaft. My small models use a 1/4 inch shaft. For my 1/2 HP engine, I doubt a 1/4 will be strong enough.

The shaft must ride in bearings that can withstand the reciprocating forces as well as the axial forces.

But why?

The answer is never simple, but for me I want to be able to enter a desired HP rating and torque rating and have a custom designed steam engine modeled.

I currently have an integrated spreadsheet with my 3D model. You can select or set the desired brake power you want at a given boiler pressure and a given RPM. This feeds into several formulas, which then drive the model.

Change the stroke in the spreadsheet, and everything from the cylinder through the final assembly changes to match that cylinder. It even goes so far as to define the number of screws or bolts in the cylinder flange, the size of those screws and bolts, as well as the proper torque values for those screws and bolts.

The next step is to get the steam passages correctly designed and sized. This will drive the steam chest which will drive other components.

In the end I should be able to have the system give me patterns for casting.

Simple question: What are your hopes for Second Amendment litigation in 2026?

I am hoping that the vampire rule has a stake driven through it, killing it and sensitive places altogether.

I am hoping that we get another example of temporary disarmament when the Supreme Court issues their opinion regarding weed and guns.

Finally, I’m hoping that we get a ruling that says that my Second Amendment rights do not end at my state’s borders.

For some reason last year moved more rapidly than I expected. There are so many things I didn’t get done that I needed to. Yet we are here.

The big thing to me is how the culture battle changed.

2 years ago, I would not have imagined talking about birthright citizenship. We all knew that whelping a baby on American soil meant another anchor baby, another family of immigrants, and another strain on our resources. Today we are arguing if there is such a thing as birthright citizenship for illegal aliens.

2 years ago, I would not have imagined we would be talking about massive ICE enforcement actions. Today we are talking about over a million illegal aliens who have self deported.

2 years ago, I would not have imagined we would be actually fighting a war on drugs. Today we are arguing about due process for narco terrorists that have just been blasted out of existence.

2 years ago, I would not have imagined peace breaking out in so many places. Today we are arguing about a ceasefire being broken while the peace is happening in so many places.

A year ago I was hoping for an end to the war in Ukraine. Today I see that we are no longer sending dollars, but we are supporting.

Finally, a year ago I knew that there was corruption in my government. I knew money was being wasted by the millions. Today I’m watching massive fraud being detected, and it looks like action is being taken.

It was a good year.

We wish you and yours a wonderful new year. We are glad you are hear.

Here’s a long debate. Charlie vs. 25.